1993 -- 同體與共生
第二次世界大會主題演說
主題:同體與共生
地點:台灣台北
第二次世界大會主題演說
主題:同體與共生
地點:台灣台北
Keynote speech given at the 2nd BLIA General Conference,
Taipei, Taiwan, 1993
各位會友、各位嘉賓:
感謝佛陀的慈光加被,讓萬千來自世界五大洲,七十三個主要城市的佛教菁英,齊聚在國際佛光會的發源地─台北。在今天的殊勝日子裏,我們佛光會的全體會員,以無比歡喜的心情,隆重地揭開了國際佛光會第二次會員代表大會的序幕。同時,也以共同的理念,提出了「同體與共生」的大會主題。
同體共生圓滿世界
佛陀一生說法四十九年,三百餘會,每一次說法,從不以一地,一國,一時,一眾為當機對象:說到地方,總是三千大千無量華藏世界;說到眾生,就是十方法界等河沙數無邊眾生;說到時間,則無非三大阿僧祇劫。佛教講因緣,認為天下本是一家,所有眾生是因緣和合、一體不二。虛空中的日月星辰不分明暗,互相輝映;大地上的山嶽丘壑不論高低,彼此連綿;宇宙間的奇珍異獸不管異同,相輔相成。因此,這個宇宙本來就是「同體與共生」的圓滿世界!
「同體」,含有平等,包容的意思。譬如人身雖有眼、耳、鼻、舌、手、足等諸根的差異,但是卻同為身體的一部分;地球雖然有各種國家、民族、地域的不同,但是卻是共同仰賴地球而生存;眾生雖然有男女、老少、強弱、智愚的分別,但是卻同為眾緣和合的生命體。相狀雖然千差萬別,但是清靜的佛性是平等一如的。
「共生」,含有慈悲,融和的意思。法界一切眾生是彼此互相依附,賴以生存的生命共同體。佛經有一則譬喻說瞎子、跛子、啞巴,藉著互相提攜幫助,終於安全地逃離火宅。一齣精彩的戲劇,除了有主角的精湛演出之外,還需要配角的無漏配合。我們生存的社會,也需要士農工商各行各業,貢獻每一個人的力量,才能建立祥和而共有的社會。慈悲,才能容納對方;融和,彼此才能共生共存。
我們知道,「同體」是平等觀,「共生」是慈悲觀。佛教的特色在於平等的精神,佛陀最初創立僧伽教團,就是要打破印度四姓階級的不平等,而提倡「百川入海,同一鹹味;四姓出家,同為釋氏」的平等觀。佛陀初成道時,在菩提樹下,發出金剛一般顛撲不破的宣言:「大地眾生皆有如來智慧德相」,揭櫫心佛眾生三無差別的同體平等精神,提倡「生佛平等」、「聖凡平等」、「理事平等」、「人我平等」的思想,我們的教主其實就是「同體平等」觀的倡導者、推動者。
平等包容眾緣和合
佛經裡可以看到許許多多「一佛出世,千佛護持」的實例,這些都是「同體平等」的有力憑證:《法華經》中,常不輕菩薩常懷「同體平等」的慈悲心,禮敬一切眾生並且說道:「我不敢輕視汝等,汝等皆當作佛。」佛陀降生藍毘尼園時,一手指天,一手指地說:「天上天下,唯我獨尊。」十法界中的一切眾生都是至尊至貴、平等無差的;般若性海裡,眾生的佛性都是清淨不染的。
反觀我們的社會,卻存有種種差別對待的現象,譬如貧富的懸殊,權勢的大小,出身的高低,教育的差距,乃至智愚賢肖的不同。因此,我希望佛光會員們能秉持「平等」的智慧,懷抱佛陀打破四姓階級的無畏精神,努力推動:
國際佛光會是一個主張慈悲包容的社團。
國際佛光會是一個倡導眾生平等的社團。
國際佛光會是一個尊重家庭生活的社團。
國際佛光會是一個重視社會福祉的社團。
無偏無私共存共榮
在國際佛光會裡,所有的會員不分國家、不分種族、不分男女、不分貧富,都是平等互尊的,因為我們一切會員是「同體共生」的地球人。
「共生」之所以說為慈悲觀,是因為佛教一向提倡「無緣大慈,同體大悲」,慈悲是無偏私的關愛,慈悲是無對待的包容。慈悲不是工作中的上下階級對待,也不是日常生活裏的有無計較,更不是社會上的貧富差別。慈悲是眾生與眾生之間的融和與尊重。因此,慈悲,就是尊重生命;慈悲,就是共存共榮。
慈悲,是佛教的根本思想,佛教的眾多經典中強調慈悲的重要性,譬如《法華經》:「願以大慈悲,廣開甘露門,轉無上法輪。」「以大慈悲力,度苦惱眾生。」《大智度論》:「慈悲,佛道之根本。」《華嚴經》:「諸佛如來,以大悲心為體故。」《網明菩薩經》:「大悲為一切諸佛菩薩功德之根本。」《大丈夫論》:「一切善法皆以慈悲心為本。」《增壹阿含經》:「諸佛世尊,成大慈悲;以大悲力,弘益眾生。」慈興快樂,悲能拔苦,沒有了慈悲,所行的一切都是魔法。
世界上國家與國家之間雖然有戰亂,種族與種族之間雖然有仇隙,宗教與宗教之間雖然有派系,但是大家共同住在同一個地球之上,應該捐棄我見偏執,彼此守望相助,進而尊重每一個眾生的生存權利,以「同體」來推動眾生平等的思想,以「共生」來發揚慈悲喜捨的精神,讓地球成為和平安樂的人間淨土。
儒家以「老吾老以及人之老,幼吾幼以及人之幼」來發揚大同世界的「共生」精神,以「人溺己溺,人飢己飢」、「四海之內皆兄弟」來體現民胞物與的「同體」胸懷。有容乃大,慈悲無畏,在這世間裡,海闊縱魚躍,天空任鳥飛,因此海天能成其浩大;太虛納星羅,寰宇佈萬象,因此宇宙能現其無邊;仁王成就百家爭鳴,智者不拒雅言異議,因此古往聖賢能揚其仁智;佛陀演說五乘共法,聖教鼓勵八宗兼弘,因此佛教能顯其寬大雍容。
從生物學的角度,我們也可以看到大地眾生「同體共生」的現象。生物學上有三種的共生:(一) 鯨魚與藤壺之間的「片利共生」;(二) 人類與蠕蟲之間的「寄生共生」:(三)水牛與牛椋鳥之間的「互利共生」。動植物以不同時間呼吸氧氣與二氧化碳,各取所需,相互受惠。在「食物鏈」裏,草食動物以大地的青草為食物,肉食動物則捕捉草食動物為生,細菌又將死後的肉食動物分解,變成養分,回歸大地,蘊育草木,如此環環相扣,生生不息,這就是「同體共生」的因緣法。甚至水鳥的鵜鶘互助捕魚,海狸合力築壩,海豚群居團結,保持生機,人類日常生活所需,也是仰賴社會各行各業供給。法不孤起,仗境方生。因緣具足,一切才能成就。「同體共生」,動植物才能共同存在;「同體共生」人類才能和平相安,「同體共生」大自然才能保持生態平衡,這世間才有無限的生機。
互利互生自然平衡
人類過去生活在神權控制的時代,把自己的命運禍福交給冥冥不可測知的神祇決定;後來人類建立了國家,君主主宰人民的一切,人類活在君權的籠罩之下;漸漸地,民智開啟了,人類掙出君權的桎梏,邁向自己做主人的民權時代。民權時代老百姓雖然活得很尊嚴,但是畢竟以人類為中心,不能全面普及於一切眾生。因此,今日我們要進一步從民權時代擴展至同體共生的生權時代,尊重有情、s無情的一切眾生,發揚「無緣大慈,同體大悲」的精神。
今日的社會因為缺少「同體平等」的認知,因此亂象迭起;當前的環境因為沒有「共生慈悲」的觀念,因此遭到破壞。我們要努力實踐同體共生的理念,推動誡煙毒、誡色情、誡暴力、誡偷盜、誡賭博、誡酗酒、誡惡口的新生活七誡運動,淨化社會人心;積極響應世界環保運動,不濫伐、不濫墾、不濫殺、不濫建、不濫丟,來挽救我們的地球。
「同體與共生」是宇宙的真理,然而目前世界卻有許多人倒行逆施,自私自利,以致於天災頻仍,人禍不息。所以,我們現在揭櫫「同體與共生」作為這次大會的主題,不但合乎真理法則,更富有時代意義。讓我們從現在開始,攜手推廣「同體與共生」的理念,將慈悲、平等、融和、包容實踐在日常生活中,相信不久的將來,大家必定能共同擁有一個安和樂利的人間淨土。
Members of Buddha's Light International Association and Distinguished Guests, thanks to the blessings of the Buddha's compassionate light, many thousands of distinguished Buddhists from seventy-three major cities and all five continents are gathered here in Taipei, from where the Buddha's Light International Association originated.
Buddhism talks about causes and conditions, teaches that all beings in the entire world are one family, and that all living beings are interdependent, thus within one embodiment. The sun, the moon and the stars in the sky, regardless of luminance, shine upon each other; mountains and ravines, high and low, are all in endless succession; rare and special species, regardless of variation, complement each other. This universe is actually integrated and coexistent perfection.
"Integration" connotes equality and magnanimity. Within the human body, there are different organs and features, such as eyes, nose, tongue, hands and feet, yet these are all parts of the body. On this earth, there are many different nations, races, and geographical regions, yet these must all rely on the earth for survival. Among living beings, though there are variations, such as beings who are sentient or non-sentient, male or female, old or young, strong or weak, intelligent or ignorant, all beings are equally elements within the one embodiment of dependant origination. Even though the forms of phenomena are different in myriad ways, all share the Buddha nature.
"Coexistence" means compassion and harmony. In the Dharma realm, all living beings are interdependent. One example is told in the sutras of how a blind person, a deaf person, a mute person, and a person unable to walk managed to escape safely from a burning house by helping each other. A well-done dramatic presentation requires not only talented performances by the leading actors, but also excellent contributions by the supporting roles. Likewise, in order to build a peaceful society for all, the contribution of all individuals from every group and region is essential. Through compassion, we can accept and appreciate each other; through harmony, we can coexist.
As we all know, integration is equality, and coexistence is compassion. The essence of Buddhism is found in the spirit of equality. The Buddha initiated the sangha in order to eliminate the caste system in India. He achieved this by advocating equanimity, as embodied in the sayings, "All the rivers flowing into the ocean have only one taste? the taste of saltiness. When people from differing backgrounds join the sangha, they all become the family members of Shakyamuni." I hope that members of the Buddha's Light International Association will uphold the wisdom of equality, embrace the courageousness shown by the Buddha in transcending the caste system, and endeavor to develop the Buddha's Light International Association into an organization that 1) advocates compassion and magnanimity; 2) promotes equality among all living beings; 3) respects family life; and 4) values social welfare. Within the framework of the Buddha's Light International Association, regardless of nationality, race, gender, or socioeconomic class, all members are equal and should foster mutual respect for one another. We should do this because we are all neighbors of the same global village as we work towards integration and coexistence. In this world, though we see wars destroying countries, hatred causing genocide, sectarianism dividing religions, we should discard selfishness and prejudice and help each other, because we are all the inhabitants of the same planet. Furthermore, because we are interrelated through coexistence, we should respect every living being. If we do this, the earth will eventually become a humanistic pureland of peace and happiness.
Due to our lack of emphasis on "integrated equality," social unrest arises repeatedly nowadays. Owing to our lack of mindfulness about "coexisting compassion," our natural environment is being destroyed. Therefore, in an effort to purify our mind and heart. We should strive to realize the ideals of integration and coexistence by promoting the "Seven Admonitions for Mind Purification Campaign," which advocates no smoking, no drug and alcohol abuse, no lewdness, no violence, no stealing, no gambling, and no slandering of others. In an effort to save our planet, we should also actively join the international "Environmental Conservation Campaign," which works to eliminate the excessive felling of trees, the excessive cultivating of farmlands, the killing of wildlife, uncontrolled building construction, and littering.
Starting right now, let us work hand-in-hand to promote the ideals of integration and coexistence and to actualize compassion, equality, harmony, and magnanimity in our daily lives. When we achieve this, I believe it will not be long before we will all enjoy a peaceful and wealthy pureland on earth.